Diferencias en la aplicación de estrategias de afrontamiento adolescente entre alumnos hombres y mujeres del nivel medio superior / Differences in the implementation of adolescent coping strategies between men and women students upper level environment

La adolescencia está caracterizada por cambios tanto físicos como psicológicos y tiene como resultado la identidad y la madurez requeridas para la edad adulta. Los adolescentes inician una etapa de situaciones a las cuales deben dar respuesta, siendo el contexto escolar solo uno de los escenarios en los cuales ellos manifiestan su forma de afrontar las problemáticas o situaciones cotidianas. El afrontamiento ha sido estudiado por diversos autores. Esta investigación está sustentada en la propuesta de Frydenberg y Lewis (1993) que postula al afrontamiento como un proceso cognitivo y afectivo que permite a la persona responder de manera particular a un estímulo y esta respuesta a su vez le permite la adaptación social de acuerdo a su contexto. El objetivo del estudio realizado fue comparar los estilos y las estrategias de afrontamiento adolescente de acuerdo al sexo. Se trabajó con una muestra de estudiantes del nivel medio superior de una escuela pública del Estado de México (México). El rango de edad fue de 15-16 años con un promedio de 15.28 +- .48, siendo 268 hombres y 367 mujeres. Se aplicó la Escala de Afrontamiento para Adolescentes de Frydenberg y Lewis (1993). Los resultados presentan diferencias significativas en los estilos con respecto al sexo, ya que en los hombres es el estilo que presenta las medias más altas, y un puntaje de 70 a 89 indica que éste se emplea a menudo. También se encontraron diferencias en algunas de las estrategias de afrontamiento. Lo anterior permitió concluir que en los adolescentes la manera de afrontar sus problemas está relacionada con sus vivencias pasadas y el afrontamiento es una manera de autorregulación, corroborando así las diferencias del uso de afrontamiento entre hombres y mujeres adolescentes.

Adolescence is the stage that is characterized by both physical and psychological changes that will result in the identity and maturity required for adulthood. The adolescents begin a stage of situations to which to respond, being the school context only one of the scenarios in which they manifest their way of facing the problems or everyday situations. In this,as in all contexts, adolescents need to have personal resources that allow them to cope with problems and reduce stress. Coping has been studied from several authors, so this research is based on the proposal of Frydenberg and Lewis (1993) which postulate coping as a cognitive and affective process that allows the person to respond in a particular way to a stimulus and this answer in turn will allow you or not the social adaptation according to its context. It has been pointed out that while coping is dynamic, not all forms of coping can be the best, everything will depend on the moment and what is faced. However, the more unproductive the ways of coping, the mental health of the adolescent and of every individual will be negatively affected. The coping for Frydenberg and Lewis (1993) is divided in three same styles that derive in 18 strategies. Coping is considered with reference to the problem as the type of coping that allows to give solution and to diminish the tension. With respect to coping with others this will allow the search for support in others that allow to decrease the tension and with that to pretend the problem. And finally the non-productive coping that refers to only reducing tension but not solving the problem and even leads to self-incrimination. The objective of the study was to compare styles and strategies of adolescent coping according to sex. For this purpose we worked with a sample of students of the upper middle level of public school of the State of Mexico, Mexico. The age range was 15-16 years with an average of 15.28 +- .48, with 268 men and 367 women. The Frydenberg and Lewis Teen Coping Scale (1993) was applied. The results showed significant differences in problem solving and non-productive styles. While the reference style to others did not differ in sex, differences were found in some coping strategies, noting that women employed more non-productive strategies than men, and it was corroborated that men tended to To employ more strategies that correspond to the problem-solving style, as is the case of physical distraction and relaxing amusements that has been a factor reported in several studies. This allowed us to conclude that in adolescents the way to face their problems is related to their past experiences and coping is a way of self-regulation. Corroborating the differences in the use of coping among adolescent men and women. In addition to allowing new lines of research to be proposed that favorably impact not only on the school context of the student but in all its surroundings. Considering that if the confrontation is not unique and static, but that this is going to be exercised according to the situation and the previous experiences, one would have to contemplate the relation with the mental health. Pointing to this last aspect, since the theoretical contributions point out that when it is not adequately addressed, it puts at risk mental health and reflects the lack of psychological resources to handle life. It would be necessary to investigate more about the social demands of gender role, since when differences are found between men and women, this becomes a factor worthy of being studied, but no longer as being a man or a woman but about the behaviors allowed according to the role of socially assigned gender.

Eventos potencialmente traumáticos y sintomatología postraumática en estudiantes de preparatoria / Potentially traumatic events and post-traumatic symptomatology in high school students

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la ocurrencia de eventos potencialmente traumáticos (EPT) en estudiantes de preparatoria, medir la sintomatología postraumática subumbral en quienes aún sufren repercusiones de un EPT y asociar la sintomatología con variables sociodemográficas y características del EPT. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en un muestra por conveniencia de 1000 estudiantes de tres preparatorias del Estado de México. Se aplicó la Escala para Estrés Postraumático en Universitarios Mexicanos. Se evaluó la presencia de síntomas y su frecuencia; la asociación con variables explicativas se realizó con modelos de regresión logística y cuantílica, respectivamente. Resultados: 80% reportó un EPT. De éstos, 79% aún sufría repercusiones actuales y casi la mitad de ellos presentó sintomatología. El sexo, número de eventos y características del EPT (cambios percibidos y gravedad) se encontraron asociados. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren intervenir tempranamente para disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar un trastorno.

Abstract: Objective: Describe the occurrence of potentially traumatic events (PTE) in high-school students, measure subthreshold post-traumatic symptomatology in those who still experience PTE repercussions and associate the symptomatology with sociodemographic and PTE characteristics. Materials and methods: Analytic transversal study carried out in a convenience sample of one thousand students from three high schools in the State of Mexico. The Scale for Post Traumatic Stress in University Students was applied. The presence of symptoms, their frequency and their association with explanatory variables was assessed by means of logistic and quantile logistic regression models, respectively. Results: 80% reported PTE. Of this, 79% still experienced current repercussions and almost a half presented symptomatology. Gender, number of events, and PTE characteristics (perceived and grave symptoms) were associated. Conclusions: Results suggest to intervene early to reduce the risk of developing a disorder.

Prevalencia de problemas emocionales y conductuales en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos / Prevalência de problemas emocional e comportamento em uma amostra de adolescentes mexicanos / Prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in a sample mexican adolescents

Los trastornos mentales son considerados como un problema de salud pública, debido a su alta prevalencia. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue obtener la Razón de Prevalencia (RP) de los problemas emocionales y conductuales de acuerdo al sexo en 653 adolescentes mexicanos con un rango de edad de 15 a 18 años, a través de la Escala de Problemas Emocionales y Conductuales validada por Andrade, Betancourt y Vallejo (2010). Los resultados obtenidos reportan que las mujeres tienen el 54% más riesgo de presentar problemas internalizados y externalizados en comparación con los hombres. Finalmente se enfatiza la necesidad de considerar las diferencias de cada sexo al evaluar los problemas emocionales y conductuales, así como en el desarrollo de estrategias encaminadas a la promoción de su salud.

Os transtornos mentais são considerados como um problema de saúde pública devido à sua alta prevalência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma comparação por sexo da presença de problemas emocionais e comportamentais em 653 adolescentes mexicanos com uma faixa etária de 15 a 18 anos, através da Escala de Problemas Emocionais e Comportamentais, validada por Andrade, Betancourt e Vallejo (2010). Os resultados revelaram que as mulheres são 54% mais risco de internalização e externalização de problemas em relação aos homens. Finalmente, é enfatizada a necessidade de considerar as diferenças de cada sexo na avaliação de problemas emocionais e comportamentais, bem como no desenvolvimento de estratégias voltadas para a promoção de sua saúde.

Today, mental disorders are considered as a public health problem due to its high prevalence. Therefore the aim of this research was to make a comparison by gender of the presence of emotional and behavioral problems in 653 Mexican adolescents with an age range of 15 to 18 years, through the Problem Scale Emotions and Behavioral validated by Andrade, Betancourt and Vallejo (2010). The results show that women have a 54% higher risk of internalized and outsourced problems compared to men. Finally, the need to consider the differences of each sex in evaluating emotional and behavioral problems, as well as in the development of strategies aimed at promoting their health, is emphasized.

Mindfulness y síntomas de depresión en adolescentes mexicanos estudiantes de bachillerato

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la asociación entre síntomas depresivos y niveles de mindfulness en adolescentes mexicanos estudiantes de bachillerato. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 930 estudiantes de bachillerato entre 15 y 19 años de edad. Se aplicaron los instrumentos CESD (síntomas de depresión) y MAAS (mindfulness) y se encontró un 17.3% de prevalencia de síntomas depresivos. Además, el 55.2% de los participantes presentaron niveles bajos de mindfulness; los adolescentes con síntomas depresivos presentaron mayores niveles de mindfulness. La asociación entre síntomas de depresión y mindfulness fue negativa (r = -0.53; <.001). Conclusión: Impulsar el estudio sobre el rasgo de atención plena o mindfulness como un factor psicológico positivo porque se demuestra su efecto reductor en síntomas de depresión.

The objective of this research was to identify the relation between depressive symptoms and mindfulness levels in mexican adolescents high school students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 930 baccalaureate students between 15 and 19 years old was performed. The instruments, CESD (depressive symptoms) and MAAS (mindfulness) were applied, finding a 17.3% prevalence of depressive symptoms, furthermore, 55.2% of participants had low levels of mindfulness, and also adolescents with depressive symptoms have higher levels of mindfulness. The relation between depression symptoms and mindfulness was negative (r = -0.53; <.001). Conclusion: Study the feature of full awareness or mindfulness as a positive psychological factor because it's reducing effect is demonstrated in psychological symptoms such as depression.

Insatisfacción corporal e ideación suicida en adolescentes estudiantes del Estado de México / Body image dissatisfaction and suicidal ideation in State of Mexico adolescents students

El objetivo fue determinar la relación que existe entre la insatisfacción corporal e ideación suicida. La muestra se conformó por 1504 adolescentes, con un rango de edad de 12 a 18 años, estudiantes de secundaria o preparatoria, todas habitantes del Estado de México. Las participantes contestaron el cuestionario sobre la figura corporal y la escala de ideación suicida de Beck; ambos instrumentos cuentan con validez y confiabilidad para la población mexicana. Los resultados permitieron observar el alto porcentaje de insatisfacción corporal (22%), ideación suicida (42%) y de la presencia de ambas (13%). Además de correlaciones bajas y positivas, tanto para la muestra general como para los grupos de presencia y/o ausencia de insatisfacción e ideación suicida. Con respecto a las correlaciones entre factores: el malestar corporal patológico se relacionó con los factores de ideación suicida Además, se establecieron diferencias entre grupos de presencia y/o ausencia. Resaltando que el factor patológico y el factor de vida/muerte fueron los que obtuvieron los estadísticos mayores en todos los grupos. Por ello pensar en una reeducación tanto de la imagen corporal, como de la vida, podrá permitir a los adolescentes reconocerse y aceptarse sin tener que cubrir estereotipos extremos de delgadez.

The objective was to determine the relationship between body dissatisfaction and suicidal ideation. The sample consisted of 1504 adolescents with an age range of 12-18 years old, middle or high school students, all residents of Mexico State. The participants answered the BSQ and Beck's Suicidal Ideation Scale; both instruments have validity and reliability for the Mexican population. The results allowed us to observe the highest percentage of body dissatisfaction (22%), suicidal ideation (42%) as well as the presence of both (13%). In addition low and positive correlations for both the overall sample and even for the groups of presence and/or absence of dissatisfaction and suicidal ideation. With respect to the correlation between factors pathological bodily discomfort was related to the suicidal ideation factor, also, differences between the presence and/or absence groups were established. Highlighting that the pathological factor and the life/death factor were those who obtained the higher statistical values in all groups. Therefore think about a reeducation of both body image, as well as life, adolescents can be able to recognize and accept themselves without having to cover extreme thinness stereotypes.

Medición del Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) en universitarios mexicanos / Measurement of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Mexican university students

Actualmente la violencia en diferentes ámbitos y contextos afecta de manera preocupante a México. Las experiencias traumáticas, comunes en algunas comunidades, pueden llegar a configurar problemas graves de salud mental en los individuos, entre ellos se cuenta el Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT). El tener a la mano escalas que midan tanto los eventos susceptibles de ser traumáticos como la sintomatología postraumática, permitiría una evaluación rápida antes del diagnóstico formal y su utilización, principalmente en estudios epidemiológicos que permitan detectar el impacto de dichos sucesos en las personas y las comunidades. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en la construcción de una escala de sucesos y síntomas asociados al TEPT en población mexicana universitaria, con el fin de obtener su confiabilidad y validez. Participaron 858 estudiantes de cuatro universidades públicas de Tejupilco, Estado de México. La muestra fue de 669 jóvenes de ambos sexos con edades de 18 a 25 años, quienes contestaron la escala en su totalidad. El índice de confiabilidad se obtuvo con una alfa de Cronbach y la validez de constructo mediante el análisis factorial. El suceso más frecuentemente encontrado fue la experiencia de muerte repentina de algún familiar y/o amigo cercano. La escala, como instrumento de tamizaje, obtuvo índices convenientes para ser aplicada en poblaciones similares. La consistencia interna resultó con una α=.95 y el análisis factorial arrojó cinco factores con una varianza total de 45.15%. Su diseño permite asociar los síntomas del último año a un suceso de vida específico, valorado por el mismo sujeto, como susceptible a ser traumático. Así, se detectó vulnerabilidad en la población juvenil estudiantil a padecer el TEPT o algún otro tipo de trastorno psiquiátrico derivado de los sucesos vividos. La identificación precoz podría sugerir la creación de servicios generales y especializados en salud mental, acompañados de acciones que reconozcan el valor de la Universidad como uno de los principales espacios sociales para jóvenes.

Nowadays violence in different aspects and contexts affects Mexico in a worrying manner. Common traumatic experiences in some communities might configure grave mental health problems in the individuals, among them posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Having scales that measure events susceptible to become traumatic as well as posttrau-matic symptomatology would allow a fast assessment before formal diagnosis, to be mainly used in epidemiological studies that enable detecting the impact of these occurrences in vulnerable people and communities. The objective of the present study was to build a scale of events and symptoms associated to PTSD in a Mexican university population, in views to obtaining its reliability and validity. A total of 858 students from four public universities of Tejupilco, State of Mexico, Mexico, took part; they were between 18 and 25 years of age, and answered the scale in its entirety. The reliability index was obtained by means of Cronbach's alpha and the validity of the construct with factorial analysis. The most frequent event was the experience of sudden death of some relative and/or a close friend. The scale as a screening instrument obtained internal consistency indexes of α=0.95 and the factorial analysis yielded five factors with a total variance of 45.15%. Its design allows associating the symptoms of the previous year to a specific life event, valued by the same subject as susceptible to become traumatic, which permits its utilization on similar populations. The vulnerability of the young student population to suffer PTSD or any other sort of psychiatric disorder from experienced events was verified. Early detection could suggest general and specialized mental health services, accompanied by actions that recognize the value of university as one of the main social spaces for youths.